two-tailed paired/unpaired t test, one-way/ two-way repeated measures (rm) anova  (GraphPad Software Inc)

Journal: Stem cell research

Article Title: Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase increases adult olfactory stem cell self-renewal and neuroregeneration through ciliary neurotrophic factor

doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102061

Figure Lengend Snippet: CNTF−/− mice have normal basal cell proliferation and olfactory function. A) A schematic image of a coronal section of the left mouse olfactory epithelium (modified from . The endoturbinates II–III and ectoturbinates 1–3 are numbered. Dashed square marks the area corresponding to images shown for BrdU incorporation in subsequent figures. B) Representative images of BrdU-positive nuclei in the ectoturbinate 2 of olfactory epithelium in CNTF+/+ and CNTF−/− mice. A higher magnification image of the area in the dashed rectangle is shown in the right. Arrows indicate BrdU-positive nuclei in the basal layer, where counts were performed. C) The levels of BrdU-positive nuclei in the basal layer of the olfactory epithelium were comparable between CNTF+/+ and CNTF−/− mice (N = 5 mice at 10–12 weeks old/group, p = 0.42, two-tailed t test). D) The latencies to find a buried cereal in a buried food test were not different between CNTF+/+ and CNTF−/− mice. The latency to find a visible cereal was used as a locomotor control. N = 18,19 mice at 8–12 weeks old, p = 0.83 and 0.60 (two-tailed t test). E) CNTF+/+ and CNTF−/− mice had similar habituation and dishabituation profiles in an olfactory discrimination test. Differences between trial 1 vs. 3 in water, almond and peppermint indicate olfactory habituation, while differences between trial 3 in water vs trial 1 in almond and trial 3 in almond vs. trial 1 in peppermint show olfactory discrimination. N = 18,19 mice at 8–12 weeks old, *,**,**** p < 0.05, 0.01, 0.0001 in CNTF+/+ mice, #,## p < 0.05, 0.01 in CNTF−/− mice (two-way RM ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons test).

Article Snippet: Behavioral data was analyzed by two-way repeated measures (RM) ANOVA followed by Newman Keuls post hoc test (GraphPad Prism 6.0).

Techniques: Modification, BrdU Incorporation Assay, Two Tailed Test, Control

Journal: Stem cell research

Article Title: Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase increases adult olfactory stem cell self-renewal and neuroregeneration through ciliary neurotrophic factor

doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102061

Figure Lengend Snippet: FAK inhibition promotes GBC proliferation through CNTF. Mice at 10–12 weeks old received intranasal instillation of saline or FAK14 followed by BrdU injection 4 h later every 24 h for 3 days. A) Representative images of BrdU-positive nuclei in the ectoturbinate 2 of the olfactory epithelium in saline- and FAK14-instilled C57BL/6 mice. The area in the dashed rectangle is shown at higher magnification in the right and arrows indicate BrdU-positive nuclei in the basal layer. B) Quantification of BrdU-positive nuclei in the basal layer showed that FAK14 increased basal cell proliferation by two fold of saline control in C57BL/6 mice (N = 6 mice/group, *** p = 0.0006, two-tailed t test). C) FAK14 also increased BrdU incorporation in the basal layer in CNTF+/+ but not CNTF−/− mice (N = 3,3,3,5 mice, ** p < 0.01, two-way ANOVA followed by Newman Keuls multiple comparisons test). D) At 2 h post-instillation, BrdU-positive nuclei in the basal layer resided immediately above HBC and were barely co-localized with CK5, suggesting these BrdU-positive nuclei are proliferating GBCs. E) At 2 h post-instillation, BrdU-positive cells in the basal layer did not express OSN marker, OMP. F) Intranasal instillation of CNTF at 5 µg/ml, but not at 1 µg/ml, increased the number of BrdU-labeled proliferating cells in the olfactory epithelium of C57BL/6 mice at 24 h (N = 4,3,3 mice, * p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons test).

Article Snippet: Behavioral data was analyzed by two-way repeated measures (RM) ANOVA followed by Newman Keuls post hoc test (GraphPad Prism 6.0).

Techniques: Inhibition, Saline, Injection, Control, Two Tailed Test, BrdU Incorporation Assay, Marker, Labeling

Journal: Stem cell research

Article Title: Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase increases adult olfactory stem cell self-renewal and neuroregeneration through ciliary neurotrophic factor

doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102061

Figure Lengend Snippet: FAK inhibition promotes neurogenesis and GBC self-renewal through CNTF. Mice at 10–12 weeks old received intranasal instillation of saline or FAK14 followed by BrdU injection 4 h later every 24 h for 3 days. BrdU-positive nuclei in the total olfactory epithelium, basal layer and middle neuronal layer were quantified 9 days or 20 days after the last BrdU injection. A) At 9 days, BrdU-positive nuclei were present above the basement membrane (dashed line) and co-localized with the immature OSN marker, GAP43 (arrows), indicating neuronal differentiation. Inserts show a BrdU-positive nucleus in a GAP43-positive OSN. B) FAK14 increased the number of BrdU-positive nuclei in the total olfactory epithelium of C57BL/6 mice at 9 days (N = 5 mice/group, * p = 0.016, two-tailed t test). C) At 20 days, BrdU-positive nuclei were present in the middle layer and co-localized with mature OSN marker OMP (arrowhead), indicating neuronal maturation. In addition, a small population of BrdU-positive nuclei (arrows) remained in the basal layer, indicating slowly dividing GBCs or GBC self-renewal. Inserts show a BrdU-positive nucleus in an OMP-positive OSN. D) FAK14 increased the number of BrdU-positive nuclei in the total olfactory epithelium of C57BL/6 mice at 20 days (N = 5 mice/group, * p = 0.036, two-tailed t test). E) FAK14 increased the number of BrdU-positive nuclei in the basal and middle layer of the olfactory epithelium at 20 days (N = 5 mice/group, * p = 0.028, ** p = 0.004, two-tailed t test). F,G) FAK14 also increased the numbers of BrdU-positive nuclei in the total olfactory epithelium, basal layer and middle layer of CNTF+/+, but not CNTF−/− mice (N = 3,3,3,4 mice, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, two-way ANOVA followed by Newman Keuls multiple comparisons test).

Article Snippet: Behavioral data was analyzed by two-way repeated measures (RM) ANOVA followed by Newman Keuls post hoc test (GraphPad Prism 6.0).

Techniques: Inhibition, Saline, Injection, Membrane, Marker, Two Tailed Test